What are symptoms of sleep deprivation? Read this below article to find out completely what the symptoms of sleep deprivation are. Sleep Deprivation: Basic Science, Physiology and Behavior (Lung Biology in Health and Disease)
What is sleep? Sleep scientists might define sleep as a period of behavioral quiescence and non-responsiveness to the environment that is electroencephalographically. physiologically. and behaviorally distinct from the waking state.
Sleep is divided into tivo states rapid-eye·movement (REM. or “paradoxical" sleep in animals} and non·REM (NREM) sleep that are also electroeneephalographically. physiologically. and behaviorally distinct from one another. NREM sleep is further subdivided into four stages I-4 (or I-IV ), corresponding to the depth or steep. and the presence of specific electrophysiologic markers.
what is sleep deprivation? and what are the symptoms of sleep deprivation? The deprivation of sleep is the partial or near-complete removal of sleep in an organism. There can never be a complete absence of sleep, due to the fact a "perfect" sleep deprivation procedure has not been developed that is technologically capable of eliminating all sleep. With sleep deprivation, especially over a long period, there is a progressively accumulating sleep debt that results in greater and greater efforts bordering on the heroic, to maintain wakefulness in the subject. Microsleeps, which are often too brief to detect and prevent. are in inevitable consequence of sleep deprivation and the accumulation of these very brief sleep periods may add up to significant amounts of sleep as the deprivation period progresses.
There are several types of sleep deprivation. Besides "total" sleep deprivation. there is partial sleep deprivation, which typically can refer to two different paradigms. The first is where sleep is restricted to at level less than baseline sleep amounts, irrespective of sleep state or stage. For example. partial sleep deprivation may involve restricting a human subject to 4 hours of sleep per night. in contrast to his other baseline sleep amounts of 3.5 hours of sleep per night.
The second paradigm for partial sleep deprivation refers to the following. Sleep deprivation may he sleep state specific, where the subject may be specifically deprived of NREM or REM sleep, or sleep stage specific where the subject may be specifically deprived of any of the stages of NREM sleep. lt ls impossible to deprive a subject of a state or stage of sleep without affecting the other state or stages of sleep. For example. deprivation of REM sleep will inevitably result in a decrease in NREM sleep amounts and vlee versa.
Subjects may also be acutely or chronically sleep deprived with increased effort required as dismissed earlier for the longer periods of deprivation. Sleep fragmentation, a different method of sleep deprivation. involves awakening the subject during their sleep and can either be sleep state/stage specific (e.g., awaking a subject only during REM sleep) or not, A subject can also be naturally deprived of sleep by the presence of sleep disorders or medical conditions that disrupt or fragment sleep.
What it is the function of sleep? ln the Iieltl of behavioral neurosciences, this question is rather unique in being so familiar. yet so difiicult to define scientihcally. It is clear that sleep has an important physiologic function. given its widespread presence in the animal kingdom. and its persistence among species despite the attendant risks taken during such recurrent periods of reduced awareness. which is characteristic of the sleep state. Molecular and behavioral conservation indicate that sleep likely conferred a selectives advantage in ancestral mammals and sleep deprivation experiments in animals have clearly shown that sleep is required for survival
However. the specific function or functions of sleep have not been so easily defined as evidenced by the several reviews and conferences on the subject. While several putative functions for sleep have been proposed. as Rechtschaffen has opined such theories have suffered from a lack of parsimony: it has been diflicult to explain diverse data gathered by different methods among different populations. Indeed the evidence on sleep function may be inconsistent and incongruous because sleep makes several partial contributions to several different functions. No single contribution may be so essential or ubiquitous across species and age groups, that a succinct statement about its function can be made. Furthermore. such functions may not be well rellected at the organ or system level. Specifically. the observable system characteristics of sleep might be relevant only in that it permits more essential molecular processes to occur. For example. it has been proposed that the muscular hypotonia of sleep may allow for the endogenous reinforcerment of motor circuits by synaptic activation.
Yet. the past decade has proven an especially exciting time in the field of sleep research, characterized by intense investigation into the biochemical and genetic mechanisms of sleep. Innovations in technology have allowed researchers to examine the sleeping brain using quantitative electrophysiology, functional neuroimaging, and genetic techniques. Furthermore, the ability to monitor and record the awake and sleeping brain with etectroencephalography (EEG) outside of thc laboratory setting. has led to knowledge. which would have been impossible to acquire previously.
It has boen possible to map upwards from the level of neuromodulatory systems to the function geography
of the human brain and finally to cognition. We now know that the cuntrol mechanisms of sleep are manifested at every level of biological organization, from genes and intracellular processes to neuronal cell networks and involve systems that control movement, behavior, cognition. and autonomic functions.
Studies utilizing sleep deprivation protocols have been instrumental in much ofthis pregress and what follows will be an overview of the role of sleep deprivation in this ongoing search for the functions of sleep. In the end, while no one prevailing theory about the function rtf sleep emerges the victor. how and why the various theories emerged and evolved should become evident, as should how the aforementioned technological advances have made basic sleep deprivation techniques more powerful than the earliest researchers in the field of sleep medicine, could have ever imagined.
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